The Battle of Chaldiran was a pivotal event during the formation and consolidation of the Safavid state, as it dealt a heavy blow to the seemingly invincible image of Shah Ismail and significantly undermined his legitimacy. The shock of this defeat forced pro-Safavid historians to reconsider how the battle was represented in historical narratives. This article, through a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to explore how historiographical sources of the Safavid era responded to this military failure. An examination of the representations of the Battle of Chaldiran in the histories written during Shah Ismail’s reign and afterward reveals two distinct narrative strategies. The first appears in works such as Habib al-Siyar and Futuhāt-e Shāhī, where Denial and marginalization of the defeat dominate. Futuhāt-e Shāhī completely omits the event to avoid tarnishing the king’s image. Khandmir also treats the defeat as insignificant, outright rejecting its impact. The second approach, found in post-Ismail historical texts, acknowledges the bitterness of the loss, yet shifts the blame to the Qizilbash forces. These accounts are shaped to preserve the grandeur of Shah Ismail and to protect the foundations of Safavid legitimacy from disruption.

marginalization as an external factor causing crime is of great importance in criminology and criminal sociology studies and is considered as one of the causes of delinquency. This is because the areas where marginalized people live are part of the areas that are very ready to commit crimes, the lack of sufficient supervision in these areas, the existence of very needy and unemployed people, the low level of literacy, etc. These factors have made it easy for criminals to live in this place, and as long as these factors exist, these areas will be crimeprone. What we are trying to investigate is the crimes and anomalies that originate from living in marginal areas and the place this has in Iran's criminal system In the current study, the position of marginalization in the legislative policy of the Iranian criminal system is investigated. The applied method in this descriptive-analytical research and the data collection tool is also a questionnaire. The goal that can be stated for this research is to investigate the position of marginalization in the legislative policy of Iran's criminal system. In connection with the mentioned goal, the main question that is raised is, what is the place of marginalization in the legislative policy of Iran's criminal system? It seems that the issue of marginalization has no place in the criminal legal system and legislative policies such as legal solutions, physical solutions and supervisory solutions are necessary. The findings of the research show that in order to combat the phenomenon of marginalization, a well-considered and appropriate policy has not been implemented and does not exist.

The relationship between marginalization policies and the identity of marginalization residents(Study case of marginalization of Tehran city)Topic and problem: The present article seeks to identify the conceptual differences around the identity of the marginalized among the policies of marginalization, the views of cultural workers and activists in municipalities and neighborhood centers, and the perspective of the marginalized themselves.Method: Clark and Brown's thematic analysis method has been used in this research, and the data was purposefully selected from special cases, which include documents related to marginalization policies, semi-structured interviews with 48 people from the margins. Residents and 25 employees and cultural activists are located in the municipality and neighborhood hall in the 2nd, 4th, 12th, 18th and 19th districts of Tehran.Results: The findings show that in the marginalization policies, the identity of the marginalized is based on the two main themes of local nervousness and freedom-creativity, and in the view of employees and cultural trends, based on characteristics such as strong local solidarity. Uncertainty, disorganization, etc. are formed. But the interview with marginal residents showed that their identity is fundamentally linked with the concept of work. The solidarity of the marginal residents is a normal solidarity like anywhere else in the city, but the strong local solidarity of the marginal residents is formed when they feel that their work is threatened by a new order. Their authority is against the threat of creating uncertainty and disorder.Key words: marginalization policies, local nervousness, participatory development, order avoidance, local unconscious solidarity, thematic analysis.

marginalization is a part of a city development forming by low income citizens and rural migrants without planning, control and observation of regulations. The rate of crime in such districts seems high. The cause of that seems to be some factors including the high rate of population, increasing poverty, the high rate of poverty, social break down and structure failure as well as releasing from social control and public opinion. The present research is an applied type and the material employed is a thesis questionnaire. The purpose of this essay is to find the correlation between marginalization and crime. For obtaining this goal 171 samples from Dowlat Abad of Kermanshah have been studied. The stability of results has been checked by Alpha Cronbach test and verified. Data analyzing has been done by Titik test and Pearson assessments. The findings suggest a correlation between marginalization and crime. The family and residency confusion, in addition are high in this district and the belief to society’ s norms and justifying are high, as well.

The present article explores the issue of metaphysics and its position in Wittgenstein’s thought using a descriptive-analytical method. To accomplish this, several points are highlighted. Firstly, there is a kind of continuity between Wittgenstein’s ideas. Secondly, metaphysics serves as one of the elements that can be used to assert a connection between Wittgenstein’, s views. Thirdly, based on these two points, metaphysics is not rejected in Wittgenstein’, s philosophy but rather deemed necessary. Since Wittgenstein’s primary interest was to discover meaning through the relationship between language and reality, he argued that language could only represent a part of reality due to its limitations. However, a component of reality-the essential part-cannot be expressed by language but may just be showed. Wittgenstein demonstrated that reality extends beyond what language conveys by drawing definitive boundaries around language and knowledge in both his Tractatus and Philosophical Investigations. While in Tractatus he adopts a moral approach to distinguish what can be said and what can be shown, characterizing essential concepts such as God, morality, and religion as what can just be shown, in his Philosophical Investigations he adopts an aesthetic approach to demarcate what can be known and what can be shown. Furthermore, given the position assigned to them by Wittgenstein, metaphysical concepts are descriptive norms that serve as foundations of empirical and scientific knowledge. Finally, we show that metaphysical concepts are not only undeniable in both Tractatus and Philosophical Investigations but also necessary Wittgenstein’s thought in arriving at his notion of reality.

This article is about the phenomenon of marginalization and delinquency, and it is also to provide practical social work solutions. Studies show that there is a relationship between social marginalization and crime and delinquency. Finally practical social workers solutions about local development presented in order to resolve the problems of social marginalization and thereby reducing crime and delinquency.

Banberz, Banbor, and Sabziabad neighborhoods are three residential districts on the periphery of Ilam city, and are facing a lot of problems namely social, economic, and physical, particularly in housing sector including low quality, poor housing, limited-quantity housing. In order to assess the sustainability of housing, 75 indicators and to rank districts, SPSS software (exploratory factor analysis) is used. On the basis of economic, social, educational, health, and environmental services and culture three districts (Banbarz, Banboor, Sabziabad) were selected as marginal neighborhood. Most houses, have been built away from without permission and building permits and engineering control in small scale measures. According to statistical models; most of household economic statuses are below the poverty line. According to the findings of the questionnaire, fabric and physical feature, type of building, materials applied, quality of building and density of residential units of most units out of any control and without engineering standards in small-scale piece of land, were built without a permit and building permit. Given the statistical models, the economic status of households indicate that more than 70 percent of them live below the poverty line.

International investment law now recognises the right of foreign investors to bring a claim directly against host states. This right is often provided in multilateral or bilateral investment treaties. However, this principle is now under threat by measures known under the term of "Treaty Shopping" taken by investors to take advantage of investment treaties between host states and countries other than national states of investors.in order to benefit from these treaties, investors have devised means to acquire the nationality of states that have signed the target treaty with host states. These conducts are sometimes taken by ingenious investors as well. Host states have designed various means to confront treaty shopping. One of these solutions is drafting treaties in a manner that prevents wrongful benefit of investors without the nationality of states that have signed favourable treaties with host states, before any dispute arises and be taken to arbitration. The insertion of "Denial of Benefits Clause" in investment treaties is one of these methods. This paper studies the concept, history and evolution of this clause in light of practice in order to determine its level of efficiency in preventing treaty shopping.

This article considers the concept of pastorship and its relation to the Denial or creation of subject. Foucault, like Nietzsche, by reducing of pastoral morality to the will to power and exercising of domination, believes that end of this morality is Denial of subject and nihilism; an end which is presented through rejection of life and resentment towards powerfulness. The shepherd reduces the Christian subject to a knownable object. He wants to know subjects because he must take care of them. In Foucault’s view, this is dangerous: reducing subjects to dependent and obedient persons who will be unable to create. This article criticizes this narration of Christian morality.